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Excerpt: Reprinted from Fraser?s Magazine. The cloud which for the space of a month hung gloomily over the civilized world, black with far worse evils than those of simple war, has passed from over our heads without bursting. The fear has not been realized, that the only two first-rate Powers who are also free nations would take to tearing each other in pieces, both the one and the other in a bad and odious cause. For while, on the American side, the war would have been one of reckless persistency in wrong, on ours it would have been a war in alliance with, and, to practical purposes, in defence and propagation of, slavery. We had, indeed, been wronged....

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Excerpt: Treaty On European Union. A new stage in the process of European integration undertaken with the establishment of the European Communities.

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Contents HEADS..............................................................................4 TITLE 1.........................................................7 TITLE 2........................................................10 TITLE 3........................................................95 TITLE 4......................................................109 TITLE 5......................................................125 TITLE 6......................................................131 TITLE 7.....................................................135 PROTOCOL...............................................138 Declarations.................................................194...

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Excerpt: A Theologico-Political Treatise: Part Four -- Chapters XVI to XX by Baruch Spinoza, translated by R.H.M. Elwes.

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Excerpt: ACT I. The garden of IVANOFF?S country place. On the left is a terrace and the facade of the house. One window is open. Below the terrace is a broad semicircular lawn, from which paths lead to right and left into a garden. On the right are several garden benches and tables. A lamp is burning on one of the tables. It is evening. As the curtain rises sounds of the piano and violoncello are heard....

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CHARACTERS NICHOLAS IVANOFF, perpetual member of the Council of Peasant Affairs ANNA, his wife. Nee Sarah Abramson MATTHEW SHABELSKI, a count, uncle of Ivanoff PAUL LEBEDIEFF, President of the Board of the Zemstvo ZINAIDA, his wife SASHA, their daughter, twenty years old LVOFF, a young government doctor MARTHA BABAKINA, a young widow, owner of an estate and daughter of a rich merchant...

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Excerpt: A Theologico-Political Treatise: Part Two -- Chapters Six through Ten by Baruch Spinoza, translated by R.H.M. Elwes.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS: CHAPTER VI ? Of Miracles. Confused ideas of the vulgar on the subject. A miracle in the sense of a contravention of natural laws an absurdity. In the sense of an event, whose cause is unknown, less edifying than an event better understood. God?s providence identical with the course of nature. How Scripture miracles may be interpreted....

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Excerpt: Chapter 1. Almost two months had passed. The hot summer was half over, but Sergey Ivanovitch was only just preparing to leave Moscow. Sergey Ivanovitch?s life had not been uneventful during this time. A year ago he had finished his book, the fruit of six years? labor, ?Sketch of a Survey of the Principles and Forms of Government in Europe and Russia.?...

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Excerpt: Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill.

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Excerpt: I heartily accept the motto, ?That government is best which governs least?; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe--?That government is best which governs not at all?; and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which the will have. Government is at best but an expedient; but most governments are usually....

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Excerpt: No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the House. But different men often see the same subject in different lights; and, therefore, I hope it will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining as I do opinions of a character very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my sentiments freely and without reserve....

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Excerpt: The Subjection of Women by John Stuart Mill.

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Excerpt: A spectre is haunting Europe -- the spectre of Communism. All the Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police- spies. Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as Communistic by its opponents in power? Where the Opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries? Two things result from this fact....

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Excerpt: Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war?testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated?can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war....

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Excerpt: The Poetical Works of Alexander Pope, Volume Two.

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Contents THE GENIUS AND POETRY OF POPE........................................................................................ 7 MORAL ESSAYS ............................................................................................................................ 25 EPISTLE I.?TO SIR RICHARD TEMPLE, LORD COBHAM.*............................................ 26 EPISTLE II.?TO A LADY. ........................................................................................................... 33 EPISTLE III.20............................................................................................................................... 40 ?TO ALLEN LORD BATHURST. ............................................................................................................................. 40 EPISTLE V. TO MR ADDISON..................................................................................................... 56 TRANSLATIONS AND IMITATIONS. ........................................................................................ 57 SAPPHO TO PHAON. ........................................................................................

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Excerpt: Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill.

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Contents PREFACE........................................................................................................4 ESSAY I: Of the Laws of Interchange between Nations; and the Distribution of the Gains of Commerce among the Countries of the Commercial World ........................................................................................................5 ESSAY II: Of the Influence of Consumption on Production ......................39 ESSAY III: On the Words Productive and Unproductive ............................60 ESSAY IV: On Profits, and Interest .............................................................71 ESSAY V: On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It...........................................................................93...

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Excerpt: The subject of this essay is not the so-called Liberty of the Will, so unfortunately opposed to the mis-named doctrine of Philosophical Necessity; but Civil, or Social Liberty: the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual. A question seldom stated, and hardly ever discussed, in general terms, but which profoundly influences the practical controversies of the age by its latent presence, and is likely soon to make itself recognized as the vital question of the future. It is so far from being new, that, in a certain sense, it has divided mankind, almost from the remotest ages, but in the stage of progress into which the more civilized portions of the species have now entered, it presents itself under new conditions, and requires a different and more fundamental treatment....

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Excerpt: To the People of the State of New York: After an unequivocal experience of the inefficacy of the subsisting federal government, you are called upon to deliberate on a new Constitution for the United States of America. The subject speaks its own importance; comprehending in its consequences nothing less than the existence of the union, the safety and welfare of the parts of which it is composed, the fate of an empire in many respects the most interesting in the world. It has been frequently remarked that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force....

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Contents FEDERALIST. No. 1................................................................................................................................................................... 6 FEDERALIST No. 2 ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 FEDERALIST No. 3 ................................................................................................................................................................. 13 FEDERALIST No. 4 ................................................................................................................................................................. 16 FEDERALIST No. 5 ................................................................................................................................................................. 20 FEDERALIST No. 6 ................................................................................................................................................................. 23 FEDERALIST. No. 7.................................

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Excerpt: Chapter 1. Political Power. Firstly, it having been shown in the foregoing discourse:* Firstly. That Adam had not, either by natural right of fatherhood or by positive donation from God, any such authority over his children, nor dominion over the world, as is pretended. Secondly, that if he had, his heirs yet had no right to it. Thirdly, that if his heirs had, there being no law of Nature nor positive law of God that determines which is the right heir in all cases that may arise, the right of succession, and consequently of bearing rule, could not have been certainly determined....

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Contents CHAPTER I OF POLITICAL POWER............................................3 CHAPTER II OF THE STATE OF NATURE.....................................5 CHAPTER III OF THE STATE OF WAR......................................12 CHAPTER IV OF SLAVERY.......................................................14 CHAPTER V OF PROPERTY......................................................16 CHAPTER VI OF PATERNAL POWER........................................29 CHAPTER VII OF POLITICAL OR CIVIL SOCIETY.....................44 CHAPTER VIII OF THE BEGINNING OF POLITICAL SOCIETIES...................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER IX OF THE ENDS OF POLITICAL SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT.......................................................................... 70 CHAPTER X OF THE FORMS OF A COMMONWEALTH................73 CHAPTER XI OF THE EXTENT OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER....74 CHAPTER XII THE LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND FEDERATIVE POWER OF THE COMMONWEALTH.....................................81 CHAPTER XIII OF THE SUBORDINATION OF THE POWERS OF THE COMMONWEALTH.....................................................

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Preface: Those who have done me the honor of reading my previous writings will probably receive no strong impression of novelty from the present volume; for the principles are those to which I have been working up during the greater part of my life, and most of the practical suggestions have been anticipated by others or by myself. There is novelty, however....

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Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter I To What Extent Forms of Government are a Matter of Choice ............................................................. 5 Chapter II The Criterion of a Good Form of Government .................................................................................... 15 Chapter III That the ideally best Form of Government is Representative Government .................................... 34 Chapter IV Under what Social Conditions Representative Government is Inapplicable ................................... 51 Chapter V Of the Proper Functions of Representative Bodies............................................................................... 61 Chapter VI Of the Infirmities and Dangers to which Representative Government is Liable ............................. 76 Chapter VII Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only 92 Chapter VIII Of the Extension of the Suffrage ...............................

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Excerpt: When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the po litical bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature?s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation....

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Excerpt: Proposed Roads to Freedom by Bertrand Russell.

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Contents INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 SOCIALISM, ANARCHISM AND SYNDICALISM................................................................................................... 11 PART I HISTORICAL................................................................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER I MARX AND SOCIALIST DOCTRINE................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER II BAKUNIN AND ANARCHISM........................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER III THE SYNDICALIST REVOLT............................................................................................................ 43 PART II PROBLEMS OF THE FUTURE ................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER IV WORK AND PAY .......................................................................

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Excerpt: A Theologico-Political Treatise: Part Three -- Chapters XI to XV by Baruch Spinoza, translated by R.H.M. Elwes.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS: CHAPTER XI ? An Inquiry whether the Apostles wrote their Epistles as Apostles and Prophets, or merely as Teachers, and an Explanation of what is meant by Apostle. The epistles not in the prophetic style. The Apostles not commanded to write or preach in particular places. Different methods of teaching adopted by the Apostles. CHAPTER XII ? Of the true Original of the Divine Law, and wherefore Scripture is called Sacred, and the Word of God. How that, in so far as it contains the Word of God, it has come down to us uncorrupted. CHAPTER XIII ? It is shown, that Scripture teaches only very Simple Doctrines, such as suffice for right conduct. Error in speculative doctrine not impious ? nor knowledge pious. Piety consists in obedience. CHAPTER XIV ? Definitions of Faith, the True Faith, and the Foundations of Faith, which is once for all separated from Philosophy. Danger resulting from the vulgar idea of faith. The only test of faith obedience and good works. As different men are disposed to obedience by different opinions, universal faith can contain only the simplest doctrines. Fundamental distinction between faith an...

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Excerpt: A Theologico-Political Treatise: Part One -- Chapters One through Five by Baruch Spinoza, translated by R.H.M. Elwes.

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Contents CHAPTER I ? Of Prophecy Definition of prophecy. Distinction between revelation to Moses and to the other prophets. Between Christ and other recipients of revelation. Ambiguity of the word ?Spirit.? The different senses in which things may be referred to God. Different senses of ?Spirit of God.? Prophets perceived revelation by imagination. CHAPTER II ? Of Prophets. A mistake to suppose that prophecy can give knowledge of phenomena Certainty of prophecy based on: (1) Vividness of imagination, (2) A Sign, (3) Goodness of the Prophet. Variation of prophecy with the temperament and opinions of the individual...

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Excerpt: I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances....

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Excerpt: That the English Church shall be free, and shall have her whole rights and her liberties inviolable; and we will this to be observed in such a manner, that it may appear from thence, that the freedom of elections, which was reputed most requisite to the English Church, which we granted, and by our Charter confirmed, and obtained the Confirmation of the same, from our Lord Pope Innocent the Third, before the rupture between us and our Barons, was of our own free will: which Charter we shall observe, and we will it to be observed with good faith, by our heirs for ever....

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Excerpt: Chapter 1. Childhood and early education it seems proper that I should prefix to the following biographical sketch some mention of the reasons which have made me think it desirable that I should leave behind me such a memorial of so uneventful a life as mine. I do not for a moment imagine that any part of what I have to relate can be interesting to the public as a narrative or as being connected with myself. But I have thought that in an age in which education and its improvement are the subject of more, if not of profounder, study than at any former period of English history, it may be useful that there should be some record of an education which was unusual and remarkable, and which, whatever else it may have done, has proved how much more than is commonly supposed may be taught, and well taught, in those early years which, in the common modes of what is called instruction, are little better than wasted. It has also seemed to me that in an age of transition in opinions, there may be somewhat both of interest and of benefit in noting the successive phases of any mind which was always pressing forward, equally ready to lear...

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Excerpt: I had better explain why, in this little piece d?occasion, written for a performance in aid of the funds of the project for establishing a National Theatre as a memorial to Shakespear, I have identified the Dark Lady with Mistress Mary Fitton. First, let me say that I do not contend that the Dark Lady was Mary Fitton, because when the case in Mary?s favor (or against her, if you please to consider that the Dark Lady was no better than she ought to have been) was complete, a portrait of Mary came to light and turned out to be that of a fair lady, not of a dark one. That settles the question, if the portrait is authentic....